Steel Buildings in Europe

Part 4: Detailed Design of Portal Frames 4 - vi 9.2 Vertical bracing 42 9.3 Plan bracing 48 9.4 Restraint to inner flanges 50 9.5 Bracing at plastic hinges 51 9.6 Design summary 52 10 GABLES 53 10.1 Types of gable frame 53 10.2 Gable columns 53 10.3 Gable rafters 54 11 CONNECTIONS 55 11.1 Eaves connections 55 11.2 Apex connections 56 11.3 Bases, base plates and foundations 57 11.4 Design summary 62 12 SECONDARY STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 63 12.1 Eaves beam 63 12.2 Eaves strut 63 13 DESIGN OF MULTI-BAY PORTAL FRAMES 64 13.1 General 64 13.2 Types of multi-bay portals 64 13.3 Stability 65 13.4 Snap through instability 66 13.5 Design summary 66 REFERENCES 67 Appendix A Practical deflection limits for single-storey buildings 69 A.1 Horizontal deflections for portal frames 69 A.2 Vertical deflections for portal frames 71 Appendix B Calculation of  cr,est 73 B.1 General 73 B.2 Factor  cr,s,est 73 Appendix C Determination of M cr and N cr 76 C.1 M cr for uniform members 76 C.2 M cr for members with discrete restraints to the tension flange 77 C.3 N cr for uniform members with discrete restraints to the tension flange 79 Appendix D Worked Example: Design of portal frame using elastic analysis 81